Hyderabad is the city of Sindh province Pakistan. It is also the capital of Hyderabad Division. . It is the second-largest city in Sindh and 8th largest in Pakistan. Hyderabad is Founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro of the Kalhora Dynasty,
Toponymy
The city was named in honor of Maulana Ali, who was the fourth caliph and cousin of the Prophet Muhammad(peace be upon him). The name of Hyderabad translates as the name of the lion city. The word (Hyder) means the lion and (abad) mean suffix indicating a settlement. "Lion" references Ali's valor in battle, and so he is often referred to as Ali Haydar, roughly meaning "Ali the Lionheart," by South Asian Muslims.
Hyderabad remained the Kalhora capital during the period in which Sindh was united under their rule. Attracted by the security of the city, Hyderabad began to attract artisans and traders from throughout Sindh, thereby resulting in the decline of another rival trading centers such as Khudabad.
Modern
In the year between 1947 to 1955 Hyderabad served as the capital city of Sindh province. The Partition of British India resulted in the large-scale exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though like much of Sindh, Hyderabad did not experience the widespread rioting that occurred in Punjab and Bengal. In all, less than 500 Hindu were killed in Sindh between 1947-48 as Sindhi Muslims largely resisted calls to turn against their Hindu neighbors. Hindus did not flee Hyderabad en masse until riots erupted in Karachi on 6 January 1948, which sowed fear in Sindhi Hindus even though the riots were local and regarded Sikh refugees from Punjab seeking refuge in Karachi. The vacuum left by the departure of much of the city's Hindu population was quickly filled by newly arrived refugees from India, known as Muhajirs. By 1951, 66% of the city was made up of Muhajirs. Though Hyderabad became a majority Urdu-speaking city in the 1940s, the arrival of Pashtuns and Punjabis from northern Pakistan further diversified the city's ethnic composition over the next few decades. The success of the project resulted in the program being launched in Karachi as well.
The late 1980s saw turbulent ethnic rioting between Sindhis and Muhajirs. On 30 September 1988, militants from the Sindh Progressive Party drove into Muhajir dominated areas in the city and opened indiscriminate fire in busy crossroads. The so-called "Hyderabad Massacre" resulted in the deaths of over 60 people in a single day and more than 250 deaths in total. In a backlash, more than 60 Sindhi speaking people were gunned down in Karachi. The city began to divide itself ethnically, and the Muhajir population migrated en masse from Qasimabad and the interior of Sindh into Latifabad. Similarly, the Sindhis moved to Qasimabad from Hyderabad and Latifabad. Further ethnic disturbances occurred in May 1990, including a police-led siege of the Pacco Qello fortress in the center of Hyderabad, 2 bombings on trains in Hyderabad killed 10 people in 2000.
Much of Hyderabad's public spaces have been encroached upon by illegally-constructed homes and businesses. The city gained 565,799 residents since the 1998 Census, representing an increase of 48.5% - the lowest growth rate of the ten largest Pakistani cities.
Ethnicity
Hyderabad was a majority Sindhi Hindu city before 1948, after the independence of Pakistan in 1947.
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